These products play a role in the pathology of chronic human diseases, including type-2 diabetes, through two primary mechanisms: (1) Activating cell signaling leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory factors and (2) degrading the extracellular matrix, leading to a loss in its function of structural support for the cells and tissues, as shown in Figure 3. A high glycemic condition leads to protein glycation, beginning with the nonenzymatic binding of reducing sugar or sugar derivatives to the protein’s amine group, leading to advanced glycation end products. The fruits and vegetables’ antidiabetic activity has been tested with extracts obtained by maceration and liquefaction using chemical solvents, water extraction, products obtained by food preservation techniques, or simply fresh juice.ĭiverse studies have evaluated pomegranate juice and its components on type 2 diabetes and established possible mechanisms of action.
It has also been established that these compounds can have a therapeutic effect in their isolated form and even a synergistic effect between them, enhancing an expected response. Some of the bioactive compounds in fruits with antidiabetic activity are polyphenols, terpenoids, saponins, carotenoids, alkaloids, and glycosides. However, in recent years it has been demonstrated that their function is not limited to reducing oxidative stress, but that they also exert effects at the cellular level such as control of the opening and closing of channels, inhibition-activation of enzymes, secretion of hormones, and interactions with DNA, the cell cycle, and inflammatory processes. The fruits of particular scientific interest are those with compounds that have color and that usually have high antioxidant activity. Overall, we found a significant hypoglycemic effect of pomegranate in in vitro and in vivo studies and we summarize the potential mechanisms of action. The physiological responses to pomegranate juice are reported here, including a decrease of oxidative stress damage, an increase of insulin-dependent glucose uptake, maintenance of β-cell integrity, inhibition of nonenzymatic protein glycation, an increase of insulin sensitivity, modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, inhibition of α-amylase, inhibition of α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4, and decreases in inflammation. Studies were identified using the PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases to identify relevant articles focused on the hypoglycemic effect of pomegranate juice. This review focuses on the scientific evidence of pomegranate juice as hypoglycemic, emphasizing the chemical composition and the possible mechanisms of action associated with this effect. The therapeutic potential has been attributed to various phytochemicals, including ellagic acid, punicic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavones. Studies have shown that extracts prepared from its juice or from different parts of the pomegranate plant have various biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, and antidiabetic. To conclude, we discuss several new and emerging confirmatory methods as relevant tools to test and compare these hypotheses given the availability of appropriate sample sizes in the future.Pomegranate is a polyphenol-rich fruit. However, the limited number of cases currently available constrains the possibility of establishing patterns and processes.
They are also relevant in understanding failed invasions and identifying barriers to invasion. All of these existing hypotheses appear relevant to some degree in explaining invasion processes in Antarctica. In this synthesis, we examine multiple classic invasion science hypotheses that are widely considered to have relevance in invasion ecology and assess their utility in understanding the different invasion histories so far documented in the continent. To date, examples include a small number of vascular plants and a greater diversity of invertebrates (including Diptera, Collembola, Acari and Oligochaeta), which share features of pre-adaptation to the environmental stresses experienced in Antarctica. Insights into the processes occurring can be gained through clarifying the circumstances applying to non-native species that have arrived, established and, in some cases, successfully spread in terrestrial Antarctica. Understanding the success factors underlying each step in the process of biological invasion provides a robust foundation upon which to develop appropriate biosecurity measures.
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